reading the riots

representing youths

ipsos mori survey 2005:-

• 40% of articles focus on violence, crime and anti social behaviour, 71% are negative

brunel university 2007:-

• TV news- violent crimes or celebrities, Young people are only 1% of sources

women in journalism 2008:-

• 72% of articles were negative 3.4% positive
• 75% about crime, drugs, police
• boys;- yobs, sick feral, hoodies, louts, scum.
• only positive stories are about boys who die young

David Starkey- news night the whites have become black- BBC hd   ( will be good to use in the exam)

rioting 2.0
turning off the Internet
what role did new media technologies, particularly social networking sites play in the London riots?
do media cause riots or revolutions?
technologies and surveillance: mobile phones, CCTV, 24 hour news

 

Questions to answer from article: How can you link cultural hegemony to this article?

http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2010/sep/08/broken-britain-rhetoric-fuels-fear

How does the article suggest moral panic is being caused?

Can you link in McRobbies Symbolic violence theory? How?

How far do you agree with this article that governments decisions and policies are continuing to create a divide between the middle and working class? Discuss

Between 6 and 10 August 2011, several London boroughs and districts of cities and towns across England suffered widespread rioting, looting and arson.

press representations

police order that if you are seen standing around you are asked to move on and if you are seen again with in 24 hours you can be taken away and be givin a worning. because of a small groups behaviour all teenagers are suffering and trhere are now over 3000 mosquito noise systems to prevent the teens from standing in certain places,

the media is making things worse, as they create a sense of fear for the older generation as soon as one person doesn soemtyhing the media hypes it up and makes the teens of today look bad. they make the teens seem as if they are chav scum and asbo queens. the emdia have a n over the top way of reporting on people that have been bad. but that is the small part of the teens of today. terror and horror get over used and they try top not over expose the teenss teen troubles 2007 26 novembe

12% of crime is commited by youths

the consequenxses of the james bulger case is that the age of being punshised and the way in how we have more cameras and more criminal actvivity to be seen

you have the cultivation theory here as the amount of press coverage means that what the press covers you believe is happening in real life. which in turn is creating moral panic. but even beofr eyou talk before the theory ( bring in stuart hall) we believe what we read which is the hyperdermic theory. basucaly statying that we are passive consumers we are the hyperdermic. we believe everythig that we read. almost being injected with it.

online media

facebook- friends, social network, vent your feelings, aryugments, upset, arugemtns, good times, statuts, catching up with friends, photos, compiitions, bitiching, slags, profile pictures, time line, your life, wasting your time, stalking, socialising, gaming, helping others, chattting, fb chat, mail, friend requests, status updates, notifications, perving, events, memories, time wasting, gossip, judgementalness, lack of privacy, vidoes, likes,

the impact of facebook on british youth culture

possitive

• catching up with friends
• organsing events
• its free?
• helps young people promote themselves
• equalisies people and everyones profile is the same. no matter of class or status

negative

• bullying
• causing low self estem
• hurtful comments/ statuses about you
• bitching
• arguements
• ganging up on others- taking sides
• stalkers
• people knowing a lot about you
• people who thought where your friends but turn out not to be
• gossiping
• destorys relationships
• people trying to make others jealous 1
• weirdos
• fraping

what froms of social interaction have media texchnologies enabled?

• globalistion
• sharing infomation
• development of self-identity
• self-realisation
• collective intellegence
• reshaping media messages and their flow; reshape and recirculate messages
• increased voice
• consumer communication with business (greater influence)- mass collaboration
• awareness- bands/skills
• communication has become an interactive dialoge
• self presentation and self-disclosure

online media are especially suitable to construct and develop several identities of self ( turkle, 1998)

the mobile phone has become  a central device in the construction of young peoples and individual idenity
castells 2006

Media Use in Identity Construction

Katherine Hamley

Highlight ke points/quotes that you think are important and then answer these questions when reading this text:

•      Young people are surrounded by influential imagery – popular media (Examples?)

•      It is no longer possible for an identity to just be constructed in a small community and influenced by a family (Discuss)

•      Everything concerning our lives is ‘media saturated’ (What does this mean?)

In society today the construction of a personal identity can be seen to be somewhat problematic and difficult. Young people are surrounded by influential imagery, especially that of popular media. It is no longer possible for an identity to be constructed merely in a small community and only be influenced by family. Nowadays, arguably everything concerning our lives is seen to be ‘media-saturated’. Therefore, it is obvious that in constructing an identity young people would make use of imagery derived from the popular media.
However, it is fair to say that in some instances the freedom of exploring the web could be limited depending on the choice of the parents or teachers. So, if young people have such frequent access and an interest in the media, it is fair to say that their behaviour and their sense of ‘self’ will be influenced to some degree by what they see, read, hear or discover for themselves. Such an influence may include a particular way of behaving or dressing to the kind of music a person chooses to listen to. These are all aspects which go towards constructing a person’s own personal identity.
Firstly, it is important to establish what constitutes an identity, especially in young people. The dictionary definition states the following:

“State of being a specified person or thing: individuality or personality…” (Collins Gem English Dictionary. 1991).

The mass media provide a wide-ranging source of cultural opinions and standards to young people as well as differing examples of identity. Young people would be able to look at these and decide which they found most favourable and also to what they would like to aspire to be. The meanings that are gathered from the media do not have to be final but are open to reshaping and refashioning to suit an individual’s personal needs and consequently, identity. It is said that young people:

“…use media and the cultural insights provided by them to see both who they might be and how others have constructed or reconstructed themselves… individual adolescents…struggle with the dilemma of living out all the "possible selves" (Markus & Nurius, 1986), they can imagine.” (Brown et al. 1994, 814).

When considering how much time adolescents are in contact with the popular media, be it television, magazines, advertising, music or the Internet, it is clear to see that it is bound to have a marked effect on an individual’s construction of their identity. This is especially the case when the medium itself is concerned with the idea of identity and the self; self-preservation, self-understanding and self-celebration.

 “With a simple flip of the television channel or radio station, or a turn of the newspaper or magazine page, we have at our disposal an enormous array of possible identity models.” (Grodin & Lindlof 1996)

I believe the Internet is an especially interesting medium for young people to use in order to construct their identities. Not only can they make use of the imagery derived from the Internet, but also it provides a perfect backdrop for the presentation of the self, notably with personal home pages. By surfing the World Wide Web adolescents are able to gain information from the limitless sites which may interest them but they can also create sites for themselves, specifically home pages. Constructing a home page can enable someone to put all the imagery they have derived from the popular media into practice. For example:

“…constructing a personal home page can be seen as shaping not only the materials but also (in part through manipulating the various materials) one’s identity.” (Chandler 1998)

This is particularly important as not only are young people able to access such an interesting and wide ranging medium, but they are also able to utilise it to construct their own identity. In doing this, people are able to interact with others on the Internet just as they could present their identities in real life and interact with others on a day to day basis.
In conclusion it can be seen that the popular media permeates everything that we do. Consequently, the imagery in the media is bound to infiltrate into young people’s lives. This is especially the case when young people are in the process of constructing their identities. Through television, magazines, advertising, music and the Internet adolescents have a great deal of resources available to them in order for them to choose how they would like to present their ‘selves’. However, just as web pages are constantly seen to be 'under construction’, so can the identities of young people. These will change as their tastes in media change and develop. There is no such thing as one fixed identity; it is negotiable and is sometimes possible to have multiple identities. The self we present to our friends and family could be somewhat different from the self we would present on the Internet, for example. By using certain imagery portrayed in the media, be it slim fashion models, a character in a television drama or a lyric from a popular song, young people and even adults are able to construct an identity for themselves. This identity will allow them to fit in with the pressures placed on us by society, yet allow them to still be fundamentally different from the next person.

Young people are surrounded by influential imagery – popular media (Examples?)
tv- the inbetweeners, the aperance of people in music videos- how they construct the image of the pop star, tv channels, magazines have inflenced us ie the only way is essex- sales have gone up in fake tan, bling, tacky clothes, super models- boys make out they are perfect and girls then think and feel they have to look like this to be liked by guys- an unrealistc world, been mediated recently that men have been shown to have anorexia due to male models being thin, six pack etc.  

 It is no longer possible for an identity to just be constructed in a small community and influenced by a family (Discuss)
as aprent you cant control what your children se and view in the media. but on a postive they can become who they want to be. you can learn alot about your self by viewing how others are. if you parnets are strcit that will impact on how you find your own identity as they will ban you from certain websites

   Everything concerning our lives is ‘media saturated’ (What does this mean?)

different media and how we absorb the media

identity is complicated- everyone thinks theyve got one- david gaunlett

a focus on identity requries us to pay closer attention to the ways in which the medua and technologies are used in everyday life and thier consequences for socail groups- david buckingham

david buckingham

• he classifies identity as an ambigious and slippery term:
• identoty is something unique to each of us but also implies a relationship with a broader group
• identity can change according to our circumstances
• identity is fluid and is affected by broader changes                          (how can you relate this to britishness)                                               -( cultural imperialism-                                                         -globalisation                                                                                  - social mobility,                                                                                         -immigration,                                                                                   -becoming a multi cultural country
• identity becomes more important  to us if we feel it is threatened

david gauntlett

• identity is complicated, however, everybody feels that they have one
• religious and national identities are at the heart of majour international conflicts
• the average teenager can create numerous identities in a short space of time ( using the internet, social networking sites)
• we like to think we are unique but gauntlett questions whether this is an illusion and we are all much more similar than we think

 5 key themes for identity

1. creativity as a process- about emotions and experiences
2. making and sharing-m to feel alive to participate in community
3. happiness through creativiy and commuity
4. creativity as a social glue- a middle layer between individuals and society
5. making your mark and making the world your own

what is collective identity

•  representation the way reality is meduiated or represented to us
• collective identity the individuals sense of belonging  to a group ( part of a personal identity)

An Anthropological Introduction to

 YouTube

Michael Wesch

Whilst watching the video answer these question

1.       When was YouTube first released?

2005

2.       According to Michael Wesch what does Web 2.0 allow people to do?

It’s about linking people about ways we can’t predict. Everyone is connected.

3.       When media changes what else changes?

Human relationships changes, we have to re think our selves

4.       What influenced the loss of community? And what has now filled this void?

Woman joins their work force and loss free time; a number of things are contribution to the disconnected community. The TVs are isolating there are lots of things to why communities are deformed.  From place to place person to person think about this state we are in i.e. networks. Cultural abversion we all have more desire for community. We become more lonely. YouTube comes into this this is how YouTube has changed this. People getting into it.

5.       How are communities connected?

Through YouTube. Through vlogging, asking questions,

6.       Explain what he means by voyeuristic capabilities?

It allows you to watch other people without staring at them and you can see them as a person without being in the same room. People connecting very deeply and you are able to connect with them

7.       Write 3 points about what he refers when he discusses playing with identity

·          Having many faces and being fake

·         Lonely girl 15 was a fake and how she fooled the world. but she’s just a person like everyone else

·         No one knows what’s real on YouTube

·         Everyone wants the fakes to go away and wants the actors to say they are fakes etc.?

·        

8.       What does the ‘Free hugs phenomenon’ suggest about people?

•       Reconnect community how we are all the same and how one person does one thing everyone copies and it goes viral etc.

inbetweeners ( ben palmer 2011)

representation in the inbetweeners ( Ben Palmer 2011)

• age

going on a boys holiday showing there age. seems too be quite realistic. leaving school/sixth form. education is a big part him. they seem to have an obsession with sex and drinking.

• ethnicity

un real listic. should have more cultural people. live in a suburb of London. and associated with being dominated by white people. symbolic of the representations that we are receiving. 16-24, middle class is the target audience. the lower class wont be able to relate to the

• gender

very male dominated. the young boys are represented differently. Neil is shown  as being stupid and dumb. will has just been dumped and doesn't know what to do with himself. But he is shown as a very unstable person. he cries a lot and cant cope with losing Carly. will is shown as a very middle class attitude towards life and tries to avoid trouble. he seems geeky and intelligent. Jay likes to think he is the alfa male of the friends and will do anything for a bit of sex. he is first shown looking at a porn site jacking off to a girl. then he is told his grandad has just died. The dads of the four boys all seem to be normal apart from jay's dad who seems to offend every one and seems very common compared to the more middle class families.the females are more objectified. revered to being sexual objects. the males seem more dominant. But when the girls break up with the guys they don't know how too cope. The boys try to be more stereo typical males. gender is very over rieded throughout the films that we have watched- protagonist.  how the audience are positioned to see the females through the males eyes.

• social class and status

middle class. starts off with drinking tea. use quelocial language. how Niel got a job shows that he is more middle class. how they were able to go on Holiday was paid by there parents which suggests there social class. aka they are middle class showing that they are more dependant on their parents rather than the working class needs to be more on there own. the shows show that they are middle class. even when the boys leave it is very civilised. much more traditional parenting.

think about what is there and what isn't there

social class- reinforcing cultural hegemony/ dominant ideologies

working class British youths are generally represented as being violent  brutal unapologetic criminals addictive personalities- harry brown, kidulthood, quadrophenia, Eden lake

vs

middle class British youths are generally represented as being more law abiding, conscientious citizens- the inbetweeners

on top of this the antagonists are always the working class youths and middle class adults are positioned to be the protagonists

how are the main charecters introduced into the trailer for fish tank?

shown on stero typical working class family- the location is on a council estate the mother hits her children and doesnt have any time for them. she would rather be with her new boyfriend. the main chacter seems to of had hard life. she seems to pick fights with people and tries really hard to get out.  this film is challenging male dominance. you see the girl as a victim.

media effects

do media representations  of young people  effect how they are percieved?

if so how does this effect occur?

hypodermic model

cultivation theory- if you see enough viloence and criminal behavouir on the tv you will believe it is happening in real life

copy cat theory- copy what you see.

moral panic- makes you beleive that its happening and creates panic in society. news apers porduce artivcles on british youth culture and in turn create a panic for the rest of society thinking omg this is happening? this sets the british youths to be antagonist. you then have the government and the police becoming the protagonists turing the hegemoney on its head

contempory british social realisim

what do you understand by contempory social realism?

• social realist films attempt to portray issues facing ordinary people in their social sitiuations
• social realists films try too show that society  and the capatilist  system  leads too the exploiltation  of the poor or disposessed
• these groups are shown as vicitms of the system  rather than  being totally  responsible for thier own behaviour
• these places  represent an everywhere of britian  where relationships are broken  down  and where  people have become isolated  and diconected. their britishness is thier culturally  specific address to audiences at home ( murray, 2008)

audience

• social realists films which address social problems in this country offfer a very different  version of collective identity than british films which are also aimed at an american audience. films like notting hill and love actually  reach a much bigger audience  than the lower budget social realist films
• social realist films are aimed at predominantly british audience
• if many more people see the more comercial films consider which version of our collective identity is more powerful or has the most impact

analysing representation of collective identity

when comparing how britishness and our colective identity is represented in films consider the following questions

• who is being represented
• who is representing them?
• how are they being represented?
• what seems to be the intentions of the represenations
• what is the dominant dicourse? ( world view offered by the film)
• what range of readings are there
• look for alternative discourses

collective identity

the media contributes to our sense of collective identity  but there are many different versions  that change overr time

representations can cause problems for the groups being represented because marginalized groups have little control over thier representation/ stereo typiong

the social context in which the film or tv program is made to influenses the messages values dominant

encoding- decoding ( stuart hall 19800 ACTIVE AUDIENCE THEORY

•  encoding-decoding  is an active audience theory  developed by stuart hall which examines the relationship between a text and its audience
• encoding  is the process by which  a text is  constructed  by its producers
• decoding is the process by which a text is constructed  by its producers
• decoding is the prexeess by which the audience reads  understands and interprets a text
• hall states that texts are polysemic, meaning they many be read differently by different people depending o  thier identity cultural knowledge and opinions

prefered reading/ dominant hegemonic

when an audice interprets the messagee as it was meant to be understood  they are operating in the dominant  code. the position of the proffesional broadcasters and the media producers  is that messages are3 already sinigried within the hegemony  manner  to which they are accustomed. proffesional codes for media oranisaxto serve to contribute to this type of industural psychology

the negotiated theory

not all audiences many understand what media priducers  take for granted there many be some acknowledgment  og different understanding:

decoding within the negotiated versions contains  a mixture of adaptive and oppostional elements it acknowledges the legitimacy of the hegemonic definations to make the grand  siginications which at a more restricted situational level it makesd its own ground  rules  it operated with execptional rule

oppositional reading/ 'counter- hegemony'

when media consumers understand the contextuakl and literary  inflections  of text yet decode  the messages by a completly oppositional means this is the globally contrary postion/ oppositional reading

stereo typing

why do we stereo type?

it puts people in too catigories and boxes so that we can recognise them easily

How does contempory representation compare to previous time periods

What is youth sub culture

A group of individuals who are  united through a common value systems and clothes  a groups who is positioned outside the mainstream

What are the values of subculture

Emo- they tend to be really into there music, hair, clothing style and tend to hate society. They tend to be together with the goths, but hate being called an emo faggot or mistaken for goths. They listen to a mixture of music from black veil brides, bring me the horizon, my chemical romance to bullet for my valentine. they tend to wear clothing such as drop dead, grind store. some tend to take the meaning of being emo to the extreme with self harming. there clothing style is hoddies, skinny jeans, converses or vans, baggy or tops with designs on. they also have really straight hair which tends to fall into the scene category here, as they tend to put highlights or other various colours in there hair. Tere art work is very depressing usually consisting of break ups, death, broken hearts, being alone.

Scene

Goths

Indie

Townie

Chavs

Geeks

Hipsteers

Hippys

Geeks

Jocks

Skaters

Punks

Mods and rockers

New romantics

Ravers

link to how the subculture view: conformity and rebellion attitude to capitalism and consumerism

tribal rivalry

traditional  or neophile- a person who loves novelty, one who likes trends; person  who accept the future enthusiastically  and changes and evolution

ideology in the 1950's and the 1960's  peace rebellion  against parents radicalism- reactions against the post war period


many groups where involved in protest resistance against the mainstream....

teens will often move between subcultures and older youths mix and match there styles and values from a mix of subcultures

or that adults can appear to conform for most of the working we eek but re-enter  the subculture at specific  time ( weekend , festivals etc)

subculture

in the 21st century the dominant  meaning systems  ( that define the mainstream)  are crumbling

"there is no mainstream. there are many streams"
main stream is in  perpetual flux,

so if there is no main stream there is nothing for the teens to react against instead they are driven  by other  motives and these must be understood  on their  own terms


1950's teddy boys

1960's mods

1960's skin heads

early 1970's punks


the cultural revolution
happened just after the war

rationing was coming to the end
the American way of life  was a huge influence after the post war period
cheap colour magazines
beginning to buy things like cookers, TVs etc
labour was defeated by the Conservative government

Americas influence
cultural imperialism is the practise of promoting , distinguishing, separating or artidically injecting the culture of one of society into another ( America influencing on Britain's post war)

massiv increases in  the production  and the avalibilty of consumer goods
 car ownership rose by 250% between 1951 and 1961
1955 and 1960 the average weekly earning rose by 34%

Section B Question 6 Media and Collective Identity

Section B Exemplar Response 48/50

Section B Question 6 Media and Collective Identity
For A2 I have studies the representation of women in both contemporary and historical media. As David Buckingham noted in 2008, “identity is fluid and changeable” – and arguably the identity of women in recent times has changed, some may argue it has become more mediated.

Identity itself refers to who we actually are, the construction of ourselves – perhaps even the representation of ourselves and our social groups that we as media consumers wish to have. While many such as Buckingham and Gauntlett champion the fact the create and construct our own identities; others such aa Theordore Adorno see identity as something pushed upon us by the mass media, that we have no alternative but to take the dominant identities we are exposed to “something is offered for all so that none may escape,” he writes in explanation of this fact. Adorno therefore argues that our identities are becoming increasingly mediated – that is, that they influenced by the mass media, inherent identifies are weak and influenced by the media around us.

‘Nuts’ magazine is a stereotypical ‘lad’s mag’, aimed at 18-24 year old males. In ana analysis of the 19-25th March 2010 issue I performed the content proves interesting with regards to representation of women. Images of semi-naked females in suggestive poses represent women as victims of symbiotic annihilation. They are portrayed as merely objects of sexual pleasure for men – the images have been constructed, Laure Mulvey would argue with her theory of the Male Gaze, solely with the male consumers in mind, who using the Uses and Gratifications Model are consuming the text for sexual pleasure. Most significant here, however, is the so-called Mirror Effect of Mulvey’s Male Gaze.

This states that women themselves consuming the images will apply the Male Gaze, and see the female in the image in a sense of what Baudrillard would call hyperreality, assuming the idea that this representation is ‘how women should be’ and in turn they should construct their identities similarly in order to appeal to males – aftr all women are the subdominant group in an apparent patriarchal society. Identity therefore has become mediated in this situation as Adorno says. The “culture industry” that is the mass media has imposed a dominant representation onto a collective group; who have felt pressured to adapt it as part of their collective identity.

In the 2001 film “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider”, Lara Croft, the main female character is represented as fairly masculine (stereotypically masculine) in terms of her choice of clothing, body language and manner. All of these micro-elements construct her identity. However, throughout the film, we also see Croft use what can be considered the concept of femininity to her advantage, flirting with male characters and wearing stereotypically feminine clothes towards the final scenes.

In terms of her character’s identity this supports Buckingham’s aforementioned assumption that “identity is fluid and changeable” but also conforms to Queer Theory. Queer Theory is widely recognized in Judith Butler’s 1990 book ‘Gender Trouble’ and states that the genders male and female are just as much the product of representation as the concepts of masculinity and femininity. She calls for a blurring of boundaries between genders and their stereotypical identities and calls for the media to celebrate such diversity. As a character, Croft arguably has blurred the boundaries displaying traits of both male and female behaviour.

If Adorno’s assertions are applied here it can be argued that again the dominant identity of women as sly, untrustworthy and in need of patriarchal dominance is being applied through Croft’s deviant use of fronting identity to her advantage.
However some could argue that the prominence of Queer Theory does not encourage the mediation of female identity instead it encourages dominant representations to be characterized and boundaries to be blurred – implying greater personal control over identity as advocated by John Fiske and David Buckingham rather than mediated identities.

Cosmopolitan is a magazine aimed at females around 30+. In all ways it can be said that pragmatically the magazine pushes femininity as an identity for itself, with stereotypically female colours and text styles. In turn, the feminine identity of the magazine is applied as a representation of the readers, further suggesting a mediation of women’s identity. The magazine focuses heavily on beauty and fitness, reinforcing the dominant ideology of the “ideal” women that women should aspire to a fixed concept of beauty.

As an example in the April 2010 issue a large image of Holly Willoughby (celebrity) features on the cover. Although unlike Nuts magazine, she is wearing fairly covering clothing and lacks cosmetic make-up, it is interesting to note that her clothing is white in colour – Ferdinand de Saussure would note that this has semiotic significance using his semiotic theory and Roland Barthe’s levels of signification, we can identify that white has connotations of innocence and weakness. Therefore this represents her as innocent and weak – reinforcing dominant patriarchal representations of women. Due to her status as a celebrity, her level of influence is great. In herself she is a semiotic symbol of success and affluence, so those who take inspiration from her will take this constructed innocence and weakness and apply it to their own identities. This is a clear example of the mediation of identity. It suggests a passive audience, influenced by the mass media as Adorno and other quasi-Marxists would suggest.

It can be seen therefore, that as post modernists say, we live in a media saturated society. We are surrounded by signs which cannot be ignored. Women in the media are often represented as varying, whether it be as sexual objects for the pleasure of males; or as innocent, as ‘stay at home’ housewives as suggested in 2008’s film Hancock. Here, despite possessing stereotypically male strength and ‘superpowers’, the lead female aspires to be a housewife – reinforcing the sub-dominant representation of women. Either way however women are often the victims of mediation. The theories of consumption and construction of identity from theorists such as Adorno and Mulvey clearly show that despite the specific representations, one common identity is ‘forced’ upon women in the media – a subdominant social group living in a patriarchal society. Identity is constructed using this as a basis; and even media texts which challenge this representation and encourage Queer Theory diversity are still arguably mediating identity with their influence. Identity is fluid and changeable and can be individually constructed as Gauntlett and Buckingham state. But arguable, the mass media are, and have, mediated the identity of women in contemporary society.

EAA 20/20
EG 18/20
T 10/10
(48)

Research- theory!!

Theorist	Year	Concepts	Your explanation
Giroux	1997	Youth as empty category	in the 1960's the adults had a fear of the teenagers going out getting drunk and falling pregnant. But over the years the fear has changed, now the adults have a sense of fear that the youths of today go out get drunk, have sex, beat up people, steal things, murder people. i feel that the riots in the summer havent helped here.  te way the media portrays the youths and creates a fear for the adults
Acland	1995	Ideology of protection; deviant youth and reproduction of social order	media creates a sense of fear for the adults. They see the teenagers as being good. But the media show the bad side to the teenage youth. ie showing teens with no jobs, housing estates, shop lifting and having asbos to the riots in the summer. they want the youths to go by rules but at this time in there lives they are still learning about social values and rules adults want to protect youths
Gramsci	1971 (1929-1935)	Cultural hegemony	they feel that the middle class is able to dominate society by making there norms and ways seem normal. but as a result of this other classes accept this as a normal way of life. programs such as misfits show that todays lower class youths are thugs
Cohen	1972	Moral panic	seeing the youths as "folk devils" tainting the everyone with the same panic through the media. is through asbos because there is so much panic through the media society felt it would be needed to bring calm to everyone?
McRobbie	2004	Symbolic Violence	work with gender representation on teen magazines. the media represents violence as a link to lower social classes. helping people re difine there identity
Gerbner	1986	Cultivation Theory	influencing the media through representation. the more you see youths stealing you then think its more and more real. the more viloence you see on the tv the more you think its real. ie tv is influencing how we see the world.

harry brown  attack the block and eden lake

Choose one of the three films to research.  Try to find reviews which reflect different perspectives, e.g. from conservative newspapers like the Daily Mail, or the Telegraph, and liberal newspapers like The Guardian, and The Independent.